Notes on Evolution of " INDIAN CONSTITUTION "

Evolution of our Constitution :

A constitution is  a fundamental law of a country on which government of that country is based.

Our Constitution:

  Our constitution was adopted by the Constitution Assembly on 27 November 1949 and fully adopted or came into full operation from 26 January 1950. When constitution was adopted, at that time it had 22 part, 395 articles and 8 schedules. Our constitution is amendable and it is amended from time to time.

  Constitution of India is the world’s largest written Constitution. Various acts by the British administration started its evolution, these acts and regulations are following :

Before 1857;

   1 .  Regulating Act of 1773: 

       Head of this committee was British Prime MImister Lord Noth. In the report of this act; Governance of East India Company was to be put under British Parliament. The Governor of Bengal was now Nominated as Governor General of Calcutta, Bombay and Madras and Warren Hasting was the first such Governor General. A supreme court was established in Calcutta.

    2.  Pitts India Act:  

     This act provided the provisions for the improvement in Regulating Act of 1773. Now provinces had to follow the instructions of the Central Government. Trade and Commerce related issues were also under the control of court of direction of the company.

   3.  Charter Act of 1793:  

     Provisions of the previous acts were consolidated in this Act. In this court there was provisions related to the salaries of the members of the Board of Controllers from the Indian revenue.

   4.  Charter Act of 1813: 

     In this Act the powers of councils of Madras, Calcutta and Bombay were enlarged. Trade monopoly of East India Company came to an end. And Christian Missionaries were allowed to spread the religion in the whole country.

   5.  Charter Act of 1883:  

     Powers of Governor General were increased and for the first time the Governor-General’s Government was known as the ‘Government of India’ because all the political powers of India were subjected to the Governor-General’s government.

   6.  Charter Act of 1853:

     This Act was a report from then time Governor ‘General Lord Dalhousie’. In this act a separate Governor for Bengal was to be appointed. And recruitment of the employees in the company was to be done through competitive exams.

After 1857: 

   1.   Government of India Act, 1858:  

     This was the first model of government of India after the revolt of 1857. It provided the British control over all over India without any popular participation in the administration. Now the country was divided into provinces which were to be headed by Governor or Lieutenant. Appointed Secretary of state who was ultimately responsible to the British Parliament.

   2.  Indian Council Act, 1861 :  This act was important in the constitutional history of India. By this act Coucil of India was formed, this council was a group of 15 members who assist the Secretary of State. It decentralized the legislative powers of the Governor General’s Council an vested them in the Governments of Bombay and Madras.

  3.  Indian Council Act, 1892 : by this act the non-official members of the Indian Legislative Council were to be nominated by the Bengal Chamber of Commerce and the Provincial Legislative Councils while the non-official members of the Provincial Councils were to be nominated by certain local bodies such as universities, districts boards, municipalities etc.

   4.  Morley-Minto reforms and the Indian Council Act, 1909 : Number of maximum members in the Indian Legislative Council was increased from 16 to 60. This act or this reform was by then time Secretary of States for India ‘Lord Morley’ and the Viceroy ‘Lord Minto’. For the first time a separate representation for the Muslim community was formed which sowed the seeds of separatism.

  5.  Government of India Act, 1919 and Montague-Chelmsford Report. : 

 Ø This act was proposed by then time Secretary of State for India Mr. Montague and the Governor General Lord Chelmsford.

 Ø   By this act the Administration was divided into two categories Central and Provincial. Central were inder the direct control of the central Government.

Ø  And Provncial were those which were divided into two sub categories ; ‘Transferred and ‘Reserved’.

Ø  The Transferred subjects wese to be administrated by the Governor with ministers in which the proportion of elected members was increased to 70%.

Ø The Reserved subjects were to be administrated by the Governor with no responsibility to the Legislature.

Ø  The provincial budget was separate from the central budget. SO now Indian legislature was bi-cameral for the first time consisting two houses – One is the Upper House ( Council of States ) which composed of 60 members whom 34 were elected. And other The Lower House or Legislative Assembly , composed of 144 members out of which 104 were elected.

Simon commission :

Ø   This commission was headed by Sir John Simon. He was appointed in 1927 to inquire into the working of the Act of 1919, placed its report in 1930.

The Government of India Act, 1935 :

Ø   It was optional for the Indian States to join the federation and since they never joined, tge Federation never came into being.

Ø   In this Act of 1935 it was prescribed a federation of tking the Provinces and the States as units.

Ø   This act divided the legislative powers between the Centre and Provinces.

Ø   The centeral legislation was remained bi-cameral means it had two houses, federal assembly and council of states.

Ø   Dominion Status which was promised by the Simon omission in 1929, was not conferred by the Government of India Act 1935.

Cripps Mission :

In 1942 Sir Stafford Cripps a member of cabinet came with a draft on the proposals of british government.

Acc. To the proposals:

Ø     The constitution should given India Dominion Status.

Ø    If a province is not accepting the Constitution would be free to retain its constitutional position.

Ø    The constitution of India was to be framed by an elected Constitution Assembly by the Indian people.

Cabinet Mission Plan :

Ø    Lord Attlee sent a cabinet mission to India and this mission was consisting three members Lord Pethick Lawrence, Sit Stafford Cripps and Mr. A.V. Alexander.

Ø    According to this mission There was to be a union of India, including both British India and the States, and having jurisdiction over Defence, Foreign affairs and Communications.

Ø    The provinces could form groups with executives and legislatures.

The Mountbatten Plan :

Ø    This plan was for transfer of power from the British to Indians and partition of the country.

Ø    For this a statement was given by the British Government on 3^rd June 1947.

The Indian Independence Act, 1947 of the British Parliament :

Ø    It amended the Government of India act 1935 and adaption of partition of India and Pakistan.

Ø    The Governor General and all the Governors lost their powers.

Ø    The office of Secretary of State for India was also abolished so now there was no any Secretary of State and Any Governor General or governor.

Making of Constituion :

Ø    Members of constitution assembly were elected by the provincial legislative assemblies.

Ø    Each seat was with a proportion of one to a million.

Ø    The total number of members of the Assembly was 385, and out of 385 93 were representatives from the Indian States and 292 were from Provinces.

Ø    First meeting of constitution assembly was held on 2^nd December 1946 and reassembled on 14^th August 1947, as the sovereign Constitution Assembly for the dominion of India.

Ø    The constitution of India took two years, eleven months and eighteen days for the assembly to finalise and complete the constitution.

Now we come to the Different Sources of the Indian Constitution :

 The skeleton of our constitution was the Government of India Act 1935. This act formed the blueprint of the constitution like Federal system, emergency powers, office of Governor etc.

Ø    From Constitution of Britain :  From the constitution of Britain things like Single citizenship, Bi-cameral parliament, law making procedure, office of CAG were taken.

Ø    From the constitution of USA : Independence of judiacial review, provisions of removal of Supreme court and high court judges, preamble and fuctions of president and vice president.

Ø    From the Constitution of Canada ; Supreme court’s advisory jurisdiction, Federation with strong centre.

Ø    From the Constitution of Ireland : Directive Principles of state policy, method of presidential elections and the nomination of members of Rajya Sabha by the President.

Ø    From Weimar Constitution of Germany : Provisions of suspension of fundamental rights during emergency.

Ø    From the Constitution of South Africa :  Election of member of Rajya Sabha on the basis of proportional representation and Amendment with 2/3^rd majority in Parliament.

Ø    From the Constitution of France : Principles of Liberty, Republication system, Equality a Faternity.

Ø    Form the Constitution of USSR :  Fundamental Duties, Ideals of justice in Preamble.

Now in our next post we will post about Important Articles and Amendments of “The Constituion of India”.

Buddhism and Buddhist Temples in Himachal Pradesh

Buddhism and Buddhist Temples in Himachal Pradesh:

 It is believed that ‘Padam Sambhava’ came from Nalanda University to Tibet, he introduced Buddhism in Tibet and from Tibet to Northern Himalayas including Ladakh,Lahaul-Spiti. In the Nako Monastery there are footprints preserved of ‘Padam Sambhava’

  In the district Lahaul-Spiti and Kinnaur there are Buddhist Temples. These districts share boundaries with Tibet so there is also a great impact of Buddhism in these districts. So here in these districts you can see many types of Buddhist temples known as “Monasteries” and  “Gompa”.  The structure and design of these are different with flat roofs.  There are three types of monasteries – ‘La-Khang’, Gompa  and Tak-Phu.

  Also in Dharamshala after 1959 there is influence of Buddhism and many Monasteries are formed here in Dharamshala and McLeodGanj. After the 14th Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso, escaped from Tibet with his followers in 1959 and took refuge in India, the focus on Tibetan Buddhism spread further and attracted immense international sympathy and support. The Dalai Lama found Dharamshala in Himachal Pradesh as an ideal place to establish his "capital in exile" at McleodGanj in close vicinity to Dharamshala, and is called the Little Lhasa or Mini Lahasa.

Here you can see list of some important Monasteries below : 

Tabo Monastery :

 Tabo Monastery is In Spiti and it is known as “Ajanta Of

By Arup1981 - Own work,
CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=51256582

Himalaya” Because there are many caves where Buddhist monks meditate. This monastery was built by ‘Ye-Sashoad’ a ruler of Tibet in 996 A.D. This is the oldest monastery. There are ancient manuscripts, thankas, statues, murals, books etc. are well preserved. And this monastery is under prtection of Archaeological Survey Of India.

Key Monastery:

   Key, Ki also spelled Kee monastery is in Spiti in Lahaul-Spiti district, was built by Domonton in 11th century. This monastery was attacked by Mongols in 17th century during the reign of the Fifth Dalai Lama. 

 There are ancient murals, books and Buddhist books.

Gemur Monastery:

 This monastery is in Lahaul in Lahaul Spiti district of Himachal Pradesh. This monastery is of ‘Marichi Vajravarahi’ . This is a beautiful monastery was built in between 11^th and 12^th centuries. A.D. This Monastery is situated in the Bhaga Valley and is 18 km from the district headquarter Keylong.

Tayul Gompa:

 This Monastery was built by ‘Lama Sarjan RInchain’ In 17^th century. There is statue of ‘Padam Sambhava’ , ‘Singhmuha’ and ‘Vajravarashi’. Here mani wheel turns by itself during on some special occasions. Last time this wheel was turned by self in 1986. Walls of this Gompa are designed with images related to Buddhism.

Guru Ghantal Gompa:

  Name of this Gompa is Guru Ghantal is so called Guru Ghantal because in this Gompa 84 Sidhas of Buddhists had been performing meditation (tapasya). This monastery is situated in village ‘Tupchiling’. Every year in the month of June a festival held here popularly known as ‘Ghantal Festival’.

Kadrang Gompa:

  This is in Lahaul In Kadrang village. Constructed in 900 A.D. and again Lama Norbu renovated it in 1912. There is a library that contains a large number of Buddhist books and literatures.

Sashur Gompa:

 This monastery is in Lahaul. This Buddhist monastery or Gompa was built by ‘Deva Gyatso’ 17^th century. There is a 15 feet wall painting oaf all 84 sidhas of Buddhism. Devil dance is performed here on occasions.

Mrikula Devi:

  This temple is in Lahaul at Udaipur. This was built by Raja Ajay Varman of Kashmir. The old name of Udaipur was Moorgul or Mrikul.

Trilokinath Temple:

  This is situated in Tunde village in Lahaul-Spiti district of Himachal Pradesh. This temple is mixture of Kashmiri-Kannnauj art. This temple is important to both Buddhists and Hindus. It is sacred for both Buddhists and Hindus. There is Abalokiteshwara.There is Stone image of  Nandi in the centre of the temple. And there is also a silver idol of Goddess kali. It is believed that this temple was built by Raja Bahadur Singh of Kullu who also built the Hidimba Devi temple in Manali because there are many similarities between the design. Every year in August Pauri Festival is celebrated here in this temple.

Wild Life Parks and Sanctuaries in Himachal Pradesh

Wild Life Parks and Sanctuaries in Himachal Pradesh:

Sambhar in Gopalpur Zoo.

 Himachal Pradesh has great varieties of Wild Life. There are 28 Wild Life sanctuaries and 3 national parks. Area of these wildlife parks and sanctuaries is 2.3% and 7.10% of the total area of the state. Here below you can see a list of these parks and wildlife sanctuaries.

Pin Valley National Park:

  Pin Valley National Park is Lahul-Spiti. This Pin valley national park is situated at a high altitude ranging from 3,350 meters to 6,632 meters and in this park there are some of the rare varieties of animals like Snow Leopard, woolly hare and Tibetan gazelle.

  It was declare national park in 1987. It occupies an area of 68 sq. km. It is a dry alpine area and shrubs like plants. And in this park there are Woolly Hare, Snow Leopard, wolf, Red Fox, Himalayan Marmot, Blue Sheep.

The Great Himalayan National Park:

 The Great Himalayan National Park is in the Kullu District At an altitude varies from 1500 meters to 5805 meters. Here you can find Western Tragopan, which is so rare. Total area occupied by this park is 620 sq. km approx. This Park was set up in 1984. It consist catchment areas of Tirthan sanctuary. Pin valley national park also attached with its border area. In 2013 Tirthan wildlife sanctuary and Sainj were merged with this so it increased its area.
  In this great Himalayan National Park there are brown bear, Jungle cat, Himalayan black bear, Leopard cat, Himalayan Palm civet, barking deer, red fox, Goral, Musk deer, langoor, Leopard, snow leopard, house Mouse, Himalayan Mouse hare, blue sheep , Himalayan water shrew, wolf and so many varieties of birds insects and other animals and about more than 350 varieties of birds are in this Park, there are also endangered species like snow leopard, musk deer, blue sheep, Leopard and one of the most popular western tragopan. There are oak trees and the conifers. The Great Himalayan National Park was declared as "world heritage" by UNESCO on 23rd June 2014.

Simbalbara National Park:

 Simbalbara National Park is in district Sirmour at an altitude between 400 to 600 m.in the 18th century there were elephants in this park but due to the Hydel channel at Haridwar Barrage cut off the migratory route of these elephants. Simbalbara National Park was declared National Park in 2013.

  in this National Park there are Leopard cat barking deer spotted deer goral Indian hair Jackal l'angoor Leopard Indian wild Bear sambar and tiger.

Kugti sanctuary 

Kugti Sanctuary is in district Chamba at an altitude of 2252 6044 m. This sanctuary is in high altitude in Himalaya and in this sanctuary there is home of rare Himalayan Tahr in Himachal Pradesh. This sanctuary is a source of many medicinal plants amounted water resources glaciers and it is also connected with the tundah wildlife sanctuary.

In this century there are Himalayan black bear brown bear Leopard cat Musk deer Red Indian Fox Goyal common language Himalayan Tahr etc.

Tundah Sanctuary in district Chamba at an altitude of 2074 to 5532 M. In this sanctuary there are Himalayan black bear blackbear Jungle cat barking deer Musk deer redfox, Goral, jackal, common langur, Leopard, long-tailed merote, yellow-throated Himalayan Martin, Himalayan hair Mouse, Indian purcupine etc.

Tirthan wildlife sanctuary 

  Tirthan Sanctuary is in district Kullu at an altitude of 2100 to 4875 M. It was declared as a sanctuary in 1976. This sanctuary is connected to Himalayan National Park and now it is included in great Himalayan National Park because it was merged with great Himalayan National Park. In this century there are; Himalayan black bear, blue sheep, Jungle cat, barking deer, Musk deer, Indian red Fox, Goral, Jackal, Leopard, snow leopard ,Mouse hare, Purcupine, blue sheep so rare Himalayan Tahr, Wolf etc.

Kalatop Khajjiar sanctuary 

  Kalatop is in district Chamba at an altitude of 11852 2768 m. it this is a small sanctuary lies in the catchment of Ravi river and it contains oak forest and conifers. In this century there are Himalayan black bear, Leopard cat, barking deer,goral, Jackal, Languor, Leopard ,Martin and flying squirrel.

There are other Wildlife sanctuaries listed below;

 Bandli sanctuary in Mandi district.

 Chail Sanctuary in Solan and Shimla.

 Churdhar sanctuary in district Sirmour and Shimla.

 Daran Ghati Sanctuary in district Shimla.

 Darlaghat Scantuary in district Solan and Bilaspur.

 Gamgul Siahbehi Sanctuary in district Chamba.

Govind Sagar sanctuary

 In district Bilaspur and Mandi. In this Govind Sagar Sanctuary there are fishes found like singhara,silver mrigal, grass scrap, mirror scrap, silver crap, beta, Gid, Kini Rohu etc.

Kanwar sanctuary in district Kullu.

Konkhan Sanctuary in district Kullu.

Kais Sanctuary  in distcict Kullu.

Lippa Asrang Sanctuary  In distcict Kinnaur (blue sheep, Yak, Monal, Ibex and Himalayan snow cock.

Manali Sanctuary  In district Kullu.

Naina Devi Sanctuary  In district Bilaspur.

Majathal Sanctuary  In distcict Kullu.

Nargu Sanctuary  In district Mandi.

Sechu Tuan Nala Sanctuary  In Chamba.

Shikari Devi Sanctuary  In district Mandi.

Shilli Sanctuary  In district Solan.

Shimla Water Catchment Sanctuary  In district Shimla.

Talra Sanctuary  In Shimla.

Pong Lake Sanctuary  In District Kangra.

Renuka Sanctuary  In district Sirmaur.

Rakchham Chitkul Sanctuary  In district Kinnaur.

Rupi Bhaba Sanctuary  In district kinnaur.

 

About RAVI River !

Ravi River : 

Ravi river is one of the most important river of Himachal Pradesh.

Ancient name of river Ravi is 'Irawati' and 'Parushini'.

It originates from "Bara-Banghal" in kangra district from 'Badal' and 'Tantgiri' glaciers. From Bara Banghal it starts travelling towards Chamba.  Baira Siul, Saho, Budhgil are its tributaries in Chamba district. Length of river is 158 km approx. in Himachal. And its total length is 720km. ( India-Pakistan )

River Ravi
 (original pic credit - By Vjdchauhan - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7055201)

*  Baira river : It rises from Pir Panjal range. 

*  Siul river : It rises from Dhauladhar and Pir Panjal ranges near HImachal Pradesh And J&K border.

 Both Baira And Siul river joins and form a single river 'Baira Siul'

   At Chamba Town Baira Siul Joins Ravi . So Chamba Town is between two rivers > Ravi & Baira-Siul.

  Ravi river flows through the base of Dalhousie Hills.

Ravi river separates 'Pir Panjal' from Dhauladhar Range. Its flow is very fast as it flows westwards. Ravi merges with Chenab in Pakistan.  The water of the river Ravi drains in the Arabian Sea (Indian Ocean) through the Indus rier in pakistan.

More About Ravi :

Under the Indus Water Treatyof 1960, the waters of the Ravi and five other rivers are divided between India and Pakistan. Subsequently, the Indus Basin Project has been developed in Pakistan and many inter-basin water transfers, irrigation, hydropower and multipurpose projects have been built in India. The main Ravi River flows through the base of Dalhousie hill, past the Chamba town. It is at an elevation of 856 metres (2,807 ft) (where a long wooden bridge existed to cross the Ravi River). It flows into the south-west, near Dalhousie and then cuts a gorge in the Dhauladhar Range, before entering the Punjab plain near Madhopur and Pathankot. It then flows along the Indo–Pak border for 80 kilometres (50 mi) before entering Pakistan and joining the Chenab River. The total length of the river is about 725 kilometres (450 mi).

Ujh River is another major tributary of the Ravi River. Its source is in the Kailash mountains at an elevation of 4,300 metres (14,100 ft), close to the Bhaderwah Mountains in Jammu district. After flowing for 100 kilometres (62 mi), it joins Ravi at Nainkot in Pakistan.

As the Ravi flows past Lahore in Pakistan (26 kilometres (16 mi) below Amritsar in India) it is called "The river of Lahore" since that city is on its eastern bank. After passing through Lahore the river takes a turn at Kamlia and then debouches into the Chenab River, south of the town of Ahmadpur Sial. On its western bank is the town of Shahdarabag with the tomb OF Jahangir and the Tomb of Noor Jahan.

 The Hydropower potential of Ravi River system has been assessed as 2294 MW. The hydropower potential developed since the 1980s is through installation of Baira Suil Hydroelelectric Power Project of 198 MW capacity, the Chamera-I of 540 MW capacity commissioned in 1994, the Ranjitsagar Multipurpose Project (600 MW) completed in 1999 and the Chamera-II of 300 MW capacity in the upstream of Chamera-I commissioned in 2004. As the Ravi river is located at lower level, Indus, Jhelum and Chenab rivers water can be diverted to this river for harnessing huge hydro power potential.

Multipurpose development

The major multipurpose project (irrigation, hydropower, food development of fisheries Tourism and so forth) built on the river is the Ranjit Sagar Dam (also known as Thein dam as it is in Thein village). The left bank is in Punjab and the right bank is in Jammu and Kashmir. It is located on the main stem of the Ravi River, about 24 kilometres (15 mi) upstream of Madhopur Headworks (built during pre-partition time). The project is an outcome of the development plan conceived for the use of the waters of three eastern rivers allocated to India under the Indus Treaty, namely the Sutlej, the Beas and the Ravi, for irrigation, hydropower generation and other consumptive uses.

A proposal for building a storage dam on the Ravi River was initially planned in 1912, envisaging a 61 metres (200 ft) high dam. A committee later conducted a survey of the area, but it was not until 1954 that geologists fully inspected the project area. In 1957, a storage Dam was proposed on the Ravi River for irrigation purposes only. The power generation aspect was not considered then. It was only in 1964 that the project was conceived for multipurpose development and submitted to Government of India for approval. Finally, in April 1982, the project was approved for construction by the Government of India.

The project, as built now, has a 160-metre (520 ft) high earth gravel shell dam with a gross irrigation potential of 348,000 hectares (860,000 acres) of land and power generation of 600 MW (4 units of 150 MW capacity each).

Beautiful 'Jia Valley' !!

Jia Valley

Jia valley : 

Jia valley is Situated in the Palampur Tehsil of Kangra district in Himachal Pradesh .Jiya Valley is near Gopalpur village and Chamunda Devi Mandir. Jiya village is situated at the bottom of Himani Chamunda Devi mountain . it is a beautiful village and the most famous place in Kangra . View of this village is awesome because of its plain area surrounded by Hills and mountains. You can reach here from Kangra town towards Chamunda Devi temple via SH-17 and from the same state highway from Palampur. It is 15 km from Palampur city.

According to some theories or local belief During Mahabharata period  Pandavas constructed this village in one night Now is Known as Jia Village or Jia Valley.

 More About Jia:

Jia is a village situated in the lape of dhauladhar mountains and at the bottom of Adi Himani Camunda hill. Location of this valley is beautiful and this village is situated on the bank of a small river 'Baner' thats why this is known as a valley or Jia Valley. there are plain fields and people cultivate wheat, rice , mustard,potato, maize etc. here. 

 This village is surrounded by pine trees. These pine trees look like boundaries of this village. 

Hydel Project In Jia : There is a hydel project in JIA village in near dharamshala in palampur tehsil of District Kangra in Himachal Pradesh. Baner Hydoelectric Project . This Hydel Project is on Baner river (khad).It is one of the prestigious Hydel Project of 12MW. There is one of the longest Head Race Tunnel of 3.5 km in length and 1.8 meter in diameter. This project was completed in 1966 and till date it is generating Electricity.

Formation of JIA : There are two theories for the foundation of this valley , beacause if you see this village and notice , then you can find that village's outside boundaries are man made and this is a designed place.

 According to first belief (local belief), in the Ancient time or in Mahabharata time , When Pandavas were in exile for one year known as Agyatwaas. In one night they were constructing here a dam to store water but they remained their work in the way. So this uncompleted dam converted into Jia Valley.

 And according to second theory , Pandavas were plannig to built a city here so they started consturcting here but then they remained it uncompleted and then they constructed the same city or town As Kullu. So the area and design of Kullu Town and Jia is almost similar.

 So this village looks like different from all over surrounding locations and places.

 Adi Himani Chamunda trek starts from Jia. It is a 7.4 km trek for Adi Himani Chamunda peak from Jia village. This is a beautiful trek from Jia to Adi Himani Chamunda. Soon we will tell you about the complete history and trek of himani Chamunda.

 So it was all about Jia village popularly known as "Jia Valleye". In our next posts we will try to explore more interesting places and will tell you about these.

New WhatsApp Features !!!!!

If you are a WhatsApp user then you must know about New WhatsApp Features ;

1 : You can play YouTube videos right into the chat window :

 Now due to WhatsApp YouTube integration now you can directly play in the chat window.

 Now if you click on the YouTube video link in the chat , video will start playing itself in this chat   window. Users will have to ability to increase or decrease the size of bobble.

2 : Voice to Video call Switch :

   Now users can jump from voice to video calling by pressing a switch , by doing so if they are on voice call they can jump into video call.

3 : Add location and Time Stickers :

      Now users can add location and time stickers in their photos. Users have to just add photos from their phone gallery and click on icons showing to add location and time in their photos.

4 : Whats App For Business app :

     Whats App for business app launched in India earlier this year. This app enables business owners to ineract with customers.

 5 : Group Video Calling :  

 Now You Can Do Video Chat with 4 people at time. Just on the top o your screen you can click on the video call icon and then can join more people in group video call. This is a good feature.

6 : Group Description Feature : 

     Now you can write more than a name of the group. Now you can add description upto 500 words .

7 : Delete For Everyone :

  Now You can delete your sent messages. Earlier in this feature allowed users to delete the sent    message within 7 minutes but now it is increased to 68 minutes. This feature is good feature if you  by mistake send a message to someone and don't want that person to see it so now you can delete it within 68 minutes of time period.

8 : Payments : 

  Now whatsapp launched payments through whatsapp via UPI for Android and IOS users. NOw you can send and receive money on whatsapp.

 About WhatsApp ;WhatsApp, was founded in 2009 by Brian Acton and Jan Koum both former employees of Yahoo! After Koum and Acton left Yahoo! in September 2007, the duo traveled to South America to take a break from work.At one point, they applied for jobs at Facebook but were rejected. For the rest of the following years Koum relied on his $400,000 savings from Yahoo!.In January 2009, after purchasing an iPhone and realizing the potential of the app industry on the App Store, Koum started visiting his friend Alex Fishman in West San Jose where the three would discuss "... having statuses next to individual names of the people", but this was not possible without an iPhone developer. Fishman found a Russian developer on RentACoder.com, Igor Solomennikov, and introduced him to Koum. Koum named the app "WhatsApp" to sound like "what's up". On February 24, 2009, he incorporated WhatsApp Inc. in California. However, because early versions of WhatsApp often crashed or got stuck at a particular point, Koum felt like giving up and looking for a new job, upon which Acton encouraged him to wait for a "few more months".

In June 2009, Apple launched push notfications allowing users to be pinged when they were not using an app. Koum changed WhatsApp so that when a user's status is changed, everyone in the user's network would be notified. WhatsApp 2.0 was released with a messaging component and the number of active users suddenly increased to 250,000. Acton was still unemployed and managing another startup, and he decided to join the company. In October 2009, Acton persuaded five former friends in Yahoo! to invest $250,000 in seed funfding, and Acton became a co-founder and was given a stake. He officially joined on November 1.After months at beta stage, the application eventually launched in November 2009 exclusively on the App Store for the I phone. Koum then hired a friend who lived in Los Angeles, Chris Peiffer, to develop the BlackBerry version, which arrived two months later.

WhatsApp was switched from a free to paid service to avoid growing too fast, mainly because the primary cost was sending verification texts to users. In December 2009, the ability to send photos was added to WhatsApp for the iPhone. By early 2011, WhatsApp was one of the top 20 apps in Apple's U.S. App Store.

 WhatsApp Messenger is afreeware and cross--platform messaging and Voice over IP (VoIP) service.The application allows the sending of text messaes and voice calls, as well as video calls, images and other media, documents, and user location. The application runs from a mpbile device though it is also accessible from desktop computers; the service uses standard cellular mobile numbers Originally users could only communicate with other users individually or in groups of individual users, but in September 2017 WhatsApp announced a forthcoming business platform which will enable companies to provide customer service to users at scale.

The client was created by WhatsApp Inc., based in Mountain view California  which was acquired by Facebook in February 2014 for approximately US$19.3 billion.By February 2018, WhatsApp had a user base of over one and a half billion, making it the most popular messaging application at the time. WhatsApp has grown in multiple countries, including Brazil,India and large parts of Europe.